Today, we’re excited to share our Summer Update to Flux AI Auto‑Layout, a collection of improvements designed to make one‑click PCB routing more reliable, transparent, and adaptable to your real‑world workflows.
From programming to hardware connections, this ATtiny85 comprehensive guide provides everything you need to know to get started. Read on and start exploring the endless possibilities of this tiny yet mighty microcontroller.
Yes, ATtiny85 has two analog input pins, namely PB2 (ADC1) and PB3 (ADC3). These pins can be used to read analog signals from external sensors or other devices. It's one of the key features of the ATtiny85 is its analog input pins, which enable it to read analog signals from external sensors or other devices. This makes it suitable for applications that require high precision, such as temperature sensing and audio processing.
The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in ATtiny85 has a resolution of 10 bits, which means that it can convert analog signals into digital values with a range of 0 to 1023. This makes it suitable for applications that require high precision, such as temperature sensing and audio processing.
ATtiny85 is an 8-bit microcontroller, which means that it can process data in 8-bit chunks. This limits the range of values that it can process, but also makes it more efficient and less power-hungry than 16-bit or 32-bit microcontrollers.
The 8-bit architecture of ATtiny85 means that it can perform simple arithmetic and logic operations quickly and efficiently. However, it may not be suitable for applications that require complex mathematical calculations or high-speed data processing.
Yes, ATtiny85 is a microcontroller. It is a small, integrated circuit that contains a processor core, memory, and a variety of peripherals. It is designed to be used in embedded systems and can be programmed to perform specific tasks.
The microcontroller architecture of ATtiny85 makes it ideal for use in applications that require real-time processing, such as sensor data acquisition, motor control, and audio processing. It is also suitable for applications that require low power consumption and a small form factor.
This module comes with software select power saving modes that are very helpful for the applications that operate with minimum power.
Like other controllers introduced by the Microchip, this module comes with 10-bit ADC converter that houses 4 analog channels that help in sensor interfacing and converting analog signals to digital ones.
This tiny chip is available in four packages called PDIP, SOIC, TSSOP, and QFN where first three come with 8-pin interface while the last one contains 20 pins.
ATtiny85 can perform a number of functions on a single chip. Some pins come with an ability to employ more than one functions.
One of the powerful features of the ATtiny85 microcontroller is its ability to function as a timercounter.. The ATtiny85 has two 8-bit timers (Timer0 and Timer1) that can be used for a variety of timing applications. These timers can operate in several different modes, including:
In addition to the timers, the ATtiny85 also has a built-in watchdog timer that can be used to reset the microcontroller if it becomes stuck or unresponsive. This feature is especially useful in safety-critical applications where the microcontroller needs to be able to recover from errors and prevent system failures.
ATtiny85 comes with a serial peripheral interface (SPI) that is mainly used for communication between the microcontroller and other peripheral devices such as SD cards, sensors, and shift registers. It incorporates separate clock and data lines with the addition of a select line to pick the required device for communication. This communication allows both connected device to lay out the same path of communication under one communication protocol.
I2C protocol is added in the device that is mainly two-wire protocol used to connect low-speed devices like ADC and DAC converters, I/O interfaces and microcontrollers. The two wires, known as Serial Clock (SCL) and Serial Data (SDA), are the main part of this communication protocol. The SCL line behaves like a clock signal that is generated by the master device and synchronizes the data transfer between the devices. While the SDA line is used to carry the required data.
The BOD is a very useful function that helps in resetting the controller once the Vdd (voltage supply) drops below a brownout threshold voltage. The multiple voltage ranges are provided to secure the module once the power drops at the voltage supply line.
The interrupt plays a vital role in an emergency which puts the main function on hold and executes the required instructions that are necessary at that time. Once the interrupt is executed the running code puts the controller back to the main program.
ADC module is a valuable addition in the device that makes it compatible with the sensors. It is a 10-bit module that contains 4 channels which are little less than the number of channels available on the modules introduced by Microchip that, more or less, come with 7 or 12 channels.
In addition to these applications, ATtiny85 can also be used in various DIY projects, hobbyist electronics, and educational projects. Its simplicity and ease of use make it a great choice for beginners who are learning about microcontrollers and embedded systems.
The ATtiny85 comes in various packages, including:
Following table shows the pin description that will help you understand the major functions associated with each pin.
The memory of this little toy is designed and based on Atmel's high-density technology that is basically non-volatile in nature. The Program Memory can be reprogrammed through SPI serial interface using two ways i.e. On-chip boot code or non-volatile memory programmer. The main program execution is mainly done inside CPU that plays a vital role to access memories and perform calculations on the basis of the number of instructions incorporated into the controller. This module falls under the category of AVR controllers that are based on Harvard architecture and come with separate locations reserved for both program and data memory.
To upload codes to ATtiny85, you need a avr programmer device that can communicate with the chip. There are several programmer devices that are compatible with ATtiny85, such as USBasp, Arduino as ISP, and Atmel AVRISP mkII.
Once you have the programmer device, you can connect it to your computer and the ATtiny85 chip using a breadboard or a custom PCB. You will also need to install the appropriate software, such as AVRDUDE or the Arduino IDE.
To upload the code to ATtiny85 using AVRDUDE, you will need to enter the appropriate commands in the command prompt or terminal window. For example, the command to upload a hex file to ATtiny85 using USBasp would be:
There are many compilers available for compiling the code in the AVR microcontroller. Some are better than others. Before you pick some compiler for your controller, make sure it is easy to use and stand fit for your needs and requirements.
Alternatively, you can use the Arduino IDE to upload the code to ATtiny85. To do this, you will need to install the ATtiny core for Arduino and select the appropriate board and programmer settings. You can then write your code in the Arduino IDE and upload it to ATtiny85 using the standard upload button.
Tiny things can work wonders if used a proper way. Both ATtiny85 and Arduino uno, when connected, can easily drive automation in your project and help in executing the number of instructions. You can connect ATtiny85 with the Arduino following way.
It is important to note that programming ATtiny85 can be a bit challenging for beginners, as it requires some knowledge of electronics and programming. However, there are many tutorials and resources available online that can help you get started. Once you get the hang of it, programming ATtiny85 can be a fun and rewarding experience.
In conclusion, the ATtiny85 microcontroller is a versatile and powerful device that packs a lot of functionality into a small package. Despite its modest size, it is capable of running a wide range of applications and can be used in projects that require real-time processing, low power consumption, and a small form factor.
Whether you are a beginner who is just getting started with microcontrollers or a seasoned professional looking for a compact and efficient solution for your next project, the ATtiny85 is definitely worth considering. With its analog input pins, 8-bit architecture, and built-in flash, SRAM, and EEPROM memory, it provides a good balance of features that make it suitable for a wide range of applications.
So, if you are looking for a microcontroller that is small, efficient, and powerful, be sure to check out the ATtiny85. With its simplicity and ease of use, it is a great way to get started with embedded systems and explore the world of microcontrollers.
For more details and specifications, check out ATtiny85 Datasheet.
The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W is a small and powerful computer with impressive performance for its size and price. With a quad-core processor, 512MB of RAM, built-in wireless connectivity, and a USB On-The-Go port, it's suitable for many projects, including home automation, media centers, and robotics.
The possibilities are endless, but here are a few popular use cases:
The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W has a USB On-The-Go (OTG) port, which allows it to act as a USB device or host. You can connect the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W to another device, such as a computer, and use it as a USB device (act as a flash drive) or use the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W to control USB devices or peripherals connected to it (such as a keyboard or mouse).
With its quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor running at 1GHz. It has 512MB of LPDDR2 RAM, and it supports wireless connectivity with built-in 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 5.0. It also has a microSD card slot, a micro-HDMI port, and a USB Type-C port for power and data.
Compared to its predecessor, the Raspberry Pi Zero W, the Zero 2 W has a significant performance boost. The Zero W had a single-core ARMv6 processor running at 1GHz and only 512MB of RAM. The Zero 2 W's quad-core processor and LPDDR2 RAM make it much faster and more capable of handling more demanding applications.
In terms of benchmarks, the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W is faster than its predecessor and other single-board computers in its price range. In tests conducted by The MagPi magazine, the Zero 2 W scored 703 points in the Geekbench 4 benchmark, compared to the Zero W's score of 352 points. This puts the Zero 2 W on par with the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, which was released in 2016 and is still a popular choice for many projects.
Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W does have built-in WiFi connectivity, which supports the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, as well as Bluetooth 5.0. This means that the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W can connect to wireless networks and Bluetooth devices without requiring additional hardware.
Compared to its predecessor which only has Broadcom BCM2835, the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W has a significantly faster quad-core processor, twice the RAM, and built-in wireless connectivity with support for dual-band Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 5.0. It also has a USB Type-C connector for power and data, instead of the micro-USB port on the previous model. Despite these upgrades, it retains the same small form factor and GPIO header as the original Raspberry Pi Zero. These specifications make the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W a versatile and powerful single-board computer suitable for a wide range of projects.
The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W can run a variety of operating systems, just like other Raspberry Pi models. Some of the most popular operating systems that can run on the Pi Zero 2 W include:
By considering these factors, you can determine if the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W is the right choice for your project and be prepared to get started with it once you have it in hand.
Want to get started now? Here's a simple (Hardware attached on top) HAT template you can use for your Raspberry pi zero 2 W.
The guide provides an easy-to-follow formula for converting mm to mils, essential in engineering and PCB design for precise measurements and applications.
Before we discuss how to convert MM to mils, it's essential to mention the metric system and the imperial system.
Our focus is on mm, a metric unit, and its conversion to mils, an imperial unit.
However, mils are sometimes used in a different context as milliradians (mils), which are units of angular measurement commonly used in ballistic calculations and optical instruments.
To convert from millimeters to mils, you can use the following straightforward conversion formula:
Mils = Millimeters * 39.37
We can derive this formula the following way:
Let's illustrate this with an example: Suppose you have a measurement of 0.5 mm and want to convert it to mils:
Mils = 0.5 mm * 39.37 ≈ 19.685 mils
So, 50 millimeters is approximately 19.685 mils. That's about the thickness of two business cards!
This conversion is essentially the reverse of our previous equation. You can use the following straightforward conversion formula:
Millimeters (mm) = Mils / 39.37
Let's walk through an example of converting from mils to millimeters using the conversion formula:
Suppose you have a measurement of 50 mils, and you want to convert it to millimeters. You can use the formula as follows:
Millimeters (mm) = 50 mils / 39.37 ≈ 1.27 mm
So, 50 mils are approximately equivalent to 1.27 millimeters. That's about the thickness of a U.S. Dime!
1 mil = 0.0254 Millimeter
For those who prefer visual aids, having a conversion chart on hand is common. Here's a short conversion chart we made to give you an idea:
In this chart, we have provided conversions for mils ranging from 1 to 120. This should cover most conversion needs. However, if you require conversions for values outside this range, simply use the conversion formulas mentioned earlier.
Mils are frequently employed in precision applications in the US, where small measurements are crucial. Below are specific scenarios where mils come into play for electrical engineers:
For SMT components in PCB design, there are part size references that are commonly used and are crucial for specifying dimensions on the PCB. This table provides their size values in both mils and millimeters for easy reference during PCB design and assembly:
We've mentioned milliradians earlier, so let's clarify what they are. A milliradian, often denoted as "mrad" or "mil," is a unit of angular measurement. It is used in various fields, including ballistics and engineering. When you hear talk about a mil-dot scope or mil reticle, it's referring to measurements in milliradians. In this context, one radian is divided into 1,000 milliradians, and the reticle markings are spaced at one milliradian intervals.
Buck and Boost converters are highlighted for their power efficiency and system reliability roles. The blog reveals their unique advantages, making them essential in diverse applications like renewable energy and portable electronics.
A Buck converter serves as a step-down DC-DC converter, adept at transforming a higher input voltage to a lower, regulated output voltage (Vout). The core components include an inductor, a diode, a switch (commonly a MOSFET), and a capacitor. By modulating the pulse-width modulation (PWM) duty cycle of the MOSFET, the Buck converter fine-tunes the Vout.
In contrast to the Buck converter, a Boost converter acts as a step-up DC-DC converter. It elevates a lower input voltage to a higher Vout. The essential components—inductor, diode, MOSFET, and capacitor—are arranged differently to achieve this function.
For systems that require both step-up and step-down voltage regulation, Buck-Boost and Sepic (Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter) converters offer a flexible solution. They can function as either a Buck or a Boost converter, depending on the input voltage and system demands.
Flyback converters are useful for applications requiring isolated outputs, while inverting converters can invert the polarity of the output voltage, expanding the range of potential applications.
Buck and Boost converters, as specialized DC-DC converters, have become irreplaceable in the realm of modern electronics. Using simple components and concepts, like inductors, capacitors, MOSFETs, and PWM control, Buck and Boost converters work miracles for power circuits. Their unique advantages in terms of efficiency, versatility, and compactness make them indispensable in shaping the future of power management solutions.
In this blog, you'll get an insider's look at PCB manufacturing, learn how PCB boards have evolved, and why they're vital in almost every piece of tech you use. We cover all the bases from circuit board printing for basic gadgets to the advanced techniques used by top PCB manufacturers for multilayer boards. The blog also sheds light on upcoming tech that could redefine the industry. It's essential reading for anyone interested in electronics or PCBs.
The industry of PCB manufacturing has undergone significant transformations since its early days in the 20th century. Initially confined to single-sided circuit boards, technological advancements have enabled the development of more intricate double-sided and multilayer PCBs.
In today's technology-driven world, the importance of PCB manufacturing is monumental. These boards are essential for the functionality and reliability of a wide array of electronic systems, making their fabrication a cornerstone of industrial processes.
Single-sided PCBs feature only one layer of conductive material, typically copper, and are ideal for low-density designs. These types of circuit boards are prevalent in simple electronic devices like radios and sensors.
The fabrication involves applying a copper layer on one side of an insulating substrate. The unwanted copper is then etched away, leaving the desired circuit pattern. Soldering components onto the board follows this.
Double-sided PCBs have copper layers on both sides of the substrate, allowing for more complex circuits. These are commonly found in sophisticated devices like smartphones and automotive control systems.
The process includes applying copper layers on both sides of the substrate and connecting the layers using vias. Soldermask is then applied, followed by the HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling) or ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) finishing process.
Multilayer PCBs consist of multiple conductive layers, separated by insulating material, and are used in highly complex systems like medical equipment and data servers.
The fabrication, or stackup, involves layering multiple sheets of copper and insulating material, which are then pressed together under heat and pressure. Circuit patterns are etched onto each layer, and vias are used to connect them.
The initial stage involves creating a detailed design of the circuit using CAD software, often incorporating DFM principles to ensure efficient manufacturing.
The substrate, usually made from materials like FR4 or Polyimide, is fabricated to provide mechanical support to the circuit board. This is followed by the stackup process, where multiple layers are combined.
Copper layers are applied to the substrate, and the circuit pattern is etched using chemical processes. The board then undergoes various finishing processes like applying soldermask and silkscreen, followed by HASL or ENIG surface finishing.
Emerging technologies like 3D printing and AI-driven optimization are set to redefine the PCB manufacturing sector.
The industry is increasingly focusing on sustainable materials and eco-friendly fabrication processes to mitigate environmental impact.
The demand for smaller, more efficient PCB boards presents both challenges, such as material limitations, and opportunities for innovation and technological breakthroughs.
Understanding the intricacies of PCB manufacturing, from the types of PCBs to the key stages in their fabrication, is crucial for anyone involved in the electronics or electrical engineering sectors. As technology continues to evolve, the PCB manufacturing industry is set for transformative developments that will significantly influence the future of electronics.
This comprehensive guide explores the roles and types of electrical connectors in any wiring project. From crimping tools to wire strippers, it outlines the tools and techniques needed for efficient electrical wiring. The post also provides safety tips and insights into specialized connectors.
Wire connectors come in various types, such as wire nuts, Wago connectors, and crimp connectors. Wire nuts are simple but effective, sometimes used to splice together small AWG (American Wire Gauge) wires. The twist and insulating properties of wire nuts make them popular in residential wiring projects.
Crimping involves placing a metal conductor inside a crimp and using a crimping tool to deform the crimp, enclosing and pressing together the conductor securely. Crimped connections are durable and reliable when done correctly. Crimping is often used for electrical wire splicing and terminal applications.
In solder connectors, the conductor is soldered to ensure a robust electrical connection. While soldering requires a soldering iron and solder, the resulting connection is extremely stable and strong. These are common in PCB (Printed Circuit Board) and other high-stake electrical wiring.
Wago connectors provide a lever-action to clamp down on the wire. They are often used for stranded wire and offer a reusable solution. DC connectors are used in low-voltage applications and are color-coded for positive (RED) terminal and negative (BLACK) terminal to prevent mistakes.
Insulation is another crucial factor. The insulation around the wire should be stripped using a wire stripper to expose the conductor before using any connector. Insulated connectors provide an extra layer of safety.
The gauge wire chosen should match the requirements of the circuit and the connector. Using a wire gauge that's inappropriate can lead to overheating or inefficiency. Can sometimes lead to intermittent connection.
The American Wire Gauge (AWG) is a standard system used primarily in the United States to denote the diameter of electrically conducting wire. The current capacity of a wire varies depending on several factors, such as the insulation type, ambient temperature, and whether the wire is in free air or bundled with other wires.
This table provides a rough estimate of the current-carrying capacity of copper wires with different AWG sizes, typically used for chassis wiring.
Copper is the most common conductor material. The quality of the conductor affects the reliability of the electrical connector.
Always consider the voltage and the circuit breaker involved. Incorrectly matched connectors and circuit breakers can result in electrical fires or other hazardous conditions.
For data transmission, ethernet connectors are usually used. Junction boxes serve as receptacles for multiple wire connections. For automotive applications, DTL (Deutsch Terminal Lugs) connectors offer robustness against harsh conditions.
Electrical connectors serve as the backbone for any electrical wiring project. Whether you are splicing, crimping, or soldering, understanding the roles of each connector can make your project efficient and safe. From the humble wire nut to the complex ethernet connector, your choice of connector makes all the difference in ensuring a smooth flow of electricity through your circuit.
So, the next time you take on an electrical project, keep this guide handy to navigate through the complex yet fascinating world of electrical connectors.
Happy Wiring!
